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Graduate Catalogue

Section XV

College of Social Sciences

The courses offered by the College of Social Sciences aim to train students to think independently, critically, systematically and creatively. By encouraging them to develop an analytical approach, the different courses are thus directed towards providing students with the opportunity to analyze and assess human behavior in relation to to spatial and temporal (including historical) aspects of its socio-cultural context. In this way, they will better appreciate the diversity of the world and the complexity of the human condition; and have a better understanding of human existence, focused on respect, tolerance, and morality.

In addition, we hope to inspire students by engaging them in empirical and qualitative research as a tool for explaining social phenomena. In this way, their research findings will be of benefit for policy development in the renaissance of Cambodia. Related to this is the aim of developing the students’ ability to analyze critically the foundations upon which cultural dimensions are built, and to communicate their ideas effectively.

1. DEGREE OFFERINGS

Note: MA, MPP - Master’s Degree; PhD - Doctoral Degree

2. ADMISSION AND DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Writing Samples

Along with the application materials, students wishing to enter a Master’s degree program in the College of Social Sciences are expected to submit a writing sample.

Language Requirements

Students in the Master’s degree program are required to take a written examination to demonstrate comprehension in one foreign language. To pass the examination, they must be able to read and adequately comprehend research materials in their field of study at a reasonable speed. For Cambodian students, English is considered a foreign language.

No limit is placed on the number of times students may take the examination. However, it must be passed before students begin preparing for either their thesis or the Comprehensive Exam. The foreign language exam does not contribute to the credit-requirements of a degree.

Course Requirements

All Master’s degree students in the College of Social Sciences must take at least 54 credit hours which includes:

The requirements for the remaining 33 credits, with regards to core and elective courses, varies with the major. Moreover, four elective courses may be taken instead of RPT601-RPT604, to make up the required 54 credit minimum.

Exams

Each of the foundation, core and elective courses is followed by an exam on that course.

Students selecting the thesis option must also take a Final Exam upon completion of their thesis, when they have to defend it. This exam covers the subject of the thesis as well as related areas within the chosen field of study. Students failing the exam may repeat it only once upon petition approved by the Coordinator of the College. Students who fail the exam a second time are dropped from the program and lose their status as registered graduate students.

Students selecting the non-thesis option must take a written Comprehensive Exam once they have completed their 54 credits, based on everything covered during the course-work. Students failing the Comprehensive Exam may repeat it only once upon petition approved by the Coordinator. Students who fail the exam a second time are dropped from the program and lose their status as registered graduate students. Students selecting this option are also required by MoEYS to submit a research paper at the end of their degree programme.

DOCTORAL DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Writing Samples

Along with the application materials, students wishing to enter a Doctoral degree program in the College of Social Sciences are expected to submit a writing sample.

Language Requirements

Candidates for the Doctoral degree program are required to take a written examination to demonstrate comprehension in one foreign language. To pass the examination they must be able to read and adequately comprehend research materials in their field of study at a reasonable speed. For Cambodian students, English is considered a foreign language.

No limit is placed on the number of times students may take the examination. However, it must be passed before students can be advanced to candidacy. The foreign language exam does not contribute to the credit-requirements of a degree.

Course Requirements

Doctoral candidates must satisfactorily complete a minimum of 54 credit hours (excluding foreign language courses).

Registration in courses is governed by the judgment of advisers or faculty in charge of the relevant program of study. The importance of particular coursework is determined in relation to the training and preparation of the candidate for taking the Comprehensive Exam and the writing of the dissertation.

Students who have earned their Master’s degree at another institution and are working towards a PhD in the College of Social Sciences are required to take the three postgraduate foundation courses (FDN501-3). The details for the remainder of the program will be designed upon consultation with the student’s committee.

Exams

Comprehensive Exam The Comprehensive Exam is given upon the successful completion of course work and research in the student’s respective discipline and the foreign language requirement. It consists of four separate written exams, at least 4 hours each, and covers knowledge acquired in the student’s respective field of study.

A student who fails the Comprehensive Exam may repeat it once at the discretion of the Coordinator of the College of Social Sciences. A student who fails the exam a second time is dropped from the program and loses registered graduate student status.

A student who passes the exam is granted a University certificate indicating that all Doctoral requirements except for the dissertation (all-but-dissertation or ABD) have been completed and can proceed to prepare a Doctoral dissertation.

Final Exam/Defense A dissertation consisting of new knowledge in the field of study must be completed. A Final Exam in defense of the dissertation will also cover related subjects and is required of all Doctoral candidates. The exam is oral, lasts at least one hour, and is conducted by the candidate’s Doctoral Committee and a representative from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Arrangements for the Final Exam must be made at least one month prior to the date of exam, since an announcement must appear in the Newsletter of the University of Cambodia.

A candidate who fails the Final Exam may be allowed to repeat it upon approval by the graduate faculty concerned and the University President. A candidate who fails the exam twice is dropped from the program and loses registered graduate student status.

A candidate who passes the exam, and who has met all other requirements, will be awarded the Doctoral degree at the end of the appropriate term.

3. ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology examines the interconnection of social, cultural, political, economic and physical aspects in the construction of human communities and individuals. The present program offers a general curriculum that integrates various fields:

Thus the program draws on material from the social and physical sciences and the humanities. Hence, the objective of the Anthropology curriculum is to stimulate students’ thinking in these dimensions.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, for students following the Comprehensive Exam route, four other elective courses may be taken instead of modules RPT601-RPT604.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each)

ANT501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

ANT502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

ANT503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each)

ANT505: Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology

ANT506: Anthropological Perspectives on Political Violence

ANT507: Ethnology of Hill Tribes in Southeast Asia

ANT508: Anthropology in Khmer Society

ANT509: Anthropology of Buddhism in Khmer Society

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; choose at least six courses)

ANT610: Anthropology of Cambodia

ANT611: Anthropology of Local Cultures

ANT612: Anthropology of Colonialism in Cambodia

ANT613: Ethnicity in Cambodia

ANT614: Cambodian Historical Perspective

ANT615: Medical Anthropology in Southeast Asia

ANT616: Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology

ANT617: Seminar on Anthropological Interpretation

ANT618: Southeast Asian and Cambodian Archaeology

ANT619: Linguistic Anthropology

ANT620: Political Anthropology

ANT621-623 Independent Study

ANT650: Management Information Systems

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

ANT691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

ANT692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

DOCTORAL DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Like the students at the Master’s degree level, students who have earned their Master’s degree at another institution and are working toward their PhD in the Anthropology program at the University of Cambodia are required to take the three foundation courses (FDN501-3).

Apart from these four courses, the candidate must satisfactorily complete another 39 hours of course-work in order to complete the residence requirements and attain all-but-dissertation status. The details for this and the remainder of the program – writing a research proposal, carrying out the research and writing up the dissertation – will be designed upon consultation with the student’s Doctoral Committee.

4. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

As noted by the Asian Development Bank (2005: "Country Strategy and Program, 2005–2009", Kingdom of Cambodia) and others, Cambodia’s economy is based on the remaining (but remorselessly dwindling) natural and socio-cultural assets; and it must continue to be so, in the near future. In particular, two main sets of assets have been identified.

1)     Agriculture, fisheries and forestry are a major source of revenue: the sustainable development of these income-generators, rather than their short-sighted exploitation, constitutes a major aspiration of the 2004–2008 Cambodia Rectangular Strategy

2)     The tourist industry is another major source of foreign income; whilst this is mainly related to the country’s pre-colonial archaeological heritage, eco-tourism represents a potential new growth area in other regions of the country (reflected by proposals regarding the need for conservation in the 2004–2008 Cambodia Rectangular Strategy).

However, Cambodia faces many problems. In common with the rest of the world, there is the fact of increasing environmental degradation, as a result of pollution and other forms of ecological mismanagement. This is accentuated because of poverty and a lack of proper, enforceable legislation with regard to the long-sighted control of waste-disposal, mining and the exploitation of other resources.

The Development Studies program focuses on an interdisciplinary approach in international development as applied to developing countries and emerging economies, with a special focus on the Asia-Pacific region. The interdisciplinary approach to our program includes insights from Anthropology, Economics, Sociology, Political Science, and the Environment. Thus, the syllabus provides students with the opportunity to study issues in depth, taking into account a variety of perspectives. Particularly for those who decide to do a Research Thesis, our aim is to train development professionals for careers in developing countries through experience with local and international organizations in Cambodia.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each)

DEV501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

DEV502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

DEV503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each; choose eleven)

DEV611: Global Environmental Governance

DEV612: International Development and Policy

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia (or HIS618 History of Modern South East Asia)

INT605: International Institutions and World Order

INT626: International Organizations

POL605: Contemporary Political Thought

POL607: Politics in Developing Areas

POL609: Political Analysis and Theory Building

PST614: Peace and Justice

PUB629 (= SOC509): Sociology of Community Development

SOC507: Sociology of Poverty

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

DEV691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

DEV692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; students doing the Comprehensive Exam choose at least four)

ANT504: Anthropology of Buddhism in Khmer Society

ANT612: Anthropology of Colonialism in Cambodia

DEV605: Development in the Third World

DEV606: Gender, Globalization, and Development

DEV607: Sustainable Development

DEV608: Managing Heritage and Cultural Treasures

DEV609 (= PAD683): Urban and Rural Development

DEV610: Environmental Policy and Resource Management

DEV697: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

POL608: Politics of Southeast Asia

SOC505: Contemporary Social Change in Cambodia

SOC509: Sociology of Community Development

SOC613: Sociology of Cambodian Health and Health Services

SOC616: Sociology of NGO/INGO’s in Cambodia

SOC617: Sociology of Human Rights

5. HISTORY

The curriculum is intended to provide students with an understanding of the living past by highlighting the importance of cultures, ideas, and values. We seek to foster an appreciation of historical writing as a form of literature and through our teaching approaches provide historical analysis. One of our major objectives is to teach our students the history of Cambodia and, by gaining such knowledge, we hope that they can better contribute to Cambodia’s development through the sharing and dissemination of historical facts.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

HIS501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

HIS502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

HIS503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each):

HIS505: Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asian History

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS507: Comparative History

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS509: Southeast Asian Civilizations

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; choose at least six courses)

HIS610: History of the Angkorean Kingdom

HIS611: Gender Relations in History

HIS612: East Asian Civilizations - China, Japan, and Korea

HIS613: South Asian Civilizations

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia

HIS615: History of Africa and Latin America

HIS616: North American and European History (Selected Topics)

HIS617: Modern Western Civilization

HIS618: The History of Modern South East Asia

HIS619: The Middle East in the Twentieth Century

HIS620-622: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

HIS650: Management Information Systems

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

HIS691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

HIS692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

As civilization evolves, the relationships between countries are becoming ever more complex. This is especially so with the rapid globalization which is taking place as a result of faster and increasingly sophisticated communication systems. The situation is further complicated by a return to religious fundamentalism in many parts of the world.

The International Relations program is designed to provide students with an understanding of how nations interact with each other. This is with particular reference to Cambodia's present situation as one nation in the world at large; how this has been affected by the past; and the possible implications for the future.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

For an MA in International Relations, students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

INT501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

INT502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

INT503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each; choose eleven)

DEV611: Global Environmental Governance

DEV612: International Development and Policy

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia (or HIS618 History of Modern South East Asia)

INT605: International Institutions and World Order

INT626: International Organizations

POL605: Contemporary Political Thought

POL607: Politics in Developing Areas

POL609: Political Analysis and Theory Building

PST614: Peace and Justice

PUB629 (= SOC509): Sociology of Community Development

SOC507: Sociology of Poverty

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

INT691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

INT692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; students doing the Comprehensive Exam choose at least four)

DEV605: Development in the Third World

INT606: Cambodian Foreign Policy

INT607: International Relations

INT618: Global Inequality and World Politics

INT628: Southeast Asian International Relations

INT629: Theory of International Relations

INT630: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

LAW504: Introduction to International Law

LAW508: United Nations

LAW513: International Human Rights Law

LAW514: International Law and the State

POL620: Politics and Culture in Southeast Asia

PST615: Nonviolent Political Alternatives

PST617: International Conflict Resolution


DOCTORAL DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Like the students at the Master’s degree level, students who have earned their Master’s degree at another institution and are working toward their PhD in the International Relations program at the University of Cambodia are required to take the three foundation courses (FDN501-3).

Apart from these four courses, the candidate must satisfactorily complete another 39 hours of course-work in order to complete the residence requirements and attain all-but-dissertation status. The details for this and the remainder of the program – writing a research proposal, carrying out the research and writing up the dissertation – will be designed upon consultation with the student’s Doctoral Committee.

7. PEACE STUDIES

This interdisciplinary program – drawing not just on Politics and International Relations but also Psychology, Sociology and Religion, as well as Developmental Studies – aims to give insights into how efforts can be made to avoid the horrible consequences of conflict and violence; and how to instead promote the causes of freedom and justice through mutual cooperation.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

For an MA in Peace Studies, students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

PST501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

PST502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

PST503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each; choose eleven)

DEV611: Global Environmental Governance

DEV612: International Development and Policy

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia (or HIS618 History of Modern South East Asia)

INT605: International Institutions and World Order

INT626: International Organizations

POL605: Contemporary Political Thought

POL607: Politics in Developing Areas

POL609: Political Analysis and Theory Building

PST614: Peace and Justice

PUB629 (= SOC509): Sociology of Community Development

SOC507: Sociology of Poverty

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

PST691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

PST692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; students doing the Comprehensive Exam choose at least four)

INT607: International Relations

INT618: Global Inequality and World Politics

INT628: Southeast Asian International Relations

INT629: International Relations Theories

PST605: Peace Education

PST615: Nonviolent Political Alternatives

PST617: International Conflict Resolution

PST697: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

PSY505: Seminar in Social Psychology - A Cambodian Perspective

PSY612: Cambodian Culture and its Impact on People’s Psychology

SOC617: Sociology of Human Rights

8. POLITICAL SCIENCE

The Political Science program is designed to provide students with an understanding of politics, its processes, theories, and institutions. It is also designed to give students a basic knowledge for various careers in Political Science such as becoming certified as teachers and/or gaining employment with the government or private sector.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

For an MA in Political Science, students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

POL501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

POL502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

POL503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each; choose eleven)

DEV611: Global Environmental Governance

DEV612: International Development and Policy

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia (or HIS618 History of Modern South East Asia)

INT605: International Institutions and World Order

INT626: International Organizations

POL605: Contemporary Political Thought

POL607: Politics in Developing Areas

POL609: Political Analysis and Theory Building

PST614: Peace and Justice

PUB629 (= SOC509): Sociology of Community Development

SOC507: Sociology of Poverty

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

POL691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

POL692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; for students following the Comprehensive Exam route, choose, at least four courses)

INT606: Cambodian Foreign Policy

INT618: Global Inequality and World Politics

PAD689: Cambodian Public Administration

POL608: Politics of Southeast Asia

POL611: The Cambodian Judicial System

POL613: Cambodian Elections, Political Parties and Civil Organizations

POL616: Gender in Politics

POL620: Politics and Culture in Southeast Asia

POL697: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

PST615: Nonviolent Political Alternatives

PST617: International Conflict Resolution

PUB605 (= PAD680): Politics and Public Policy

DOCTORAL DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Like the students at the Master’s degree level, students who have earned their Master’s degree at another institution and are working toward their PhD in the Political Science program at the University of Cambodia are required to take the three foundation courses (FDN501-3).

Apart from these four courses, the candidate must satisfactorily complete another 39 hours of course-work in order to complete the residence requirements and attain all-but-dissertation status. The details for this and the remainder of the program – writing a research proposal, carrying out the research and writing up the dissertation – will be designed upon consultation with the student’s Doctoral Committee.

9. PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is understood as the science of mind and behavior. The Psychology major offers critical training in how to understand human behavior using rigorous scientific methods. The Department of Psychology at the University of Cambodia strives to introduce the field of Psychology, in particular mental health as an important area of study in developing Cambodian society.

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, for students following the Comprehensive Exam route, four other elective courses may be taken instead of modules RPT601-RPT604.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

PSY501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

PSY502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

PSY503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each)

PSY505: Seminars in Social Psychology - A Cambodian Perspective

PSY506: Developmental Psychology - Advanced Topics

PSY507: Social Psychology - Advanced Topics

PSY508: Fundamentals in Cross-Cultural Psychology

PSY509: Fundamentals in Community Psychology

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; choose at least six courses)

PSY610: Culture and Cognition

PSY611: Community in Cambodia from a Social Context

PSY612: Cambodian Culture and its Impact on People’s Psychology

PSY613: Behavioral Psychology - Advanced Topics

PSY614: Personality - Advanced Topics

PSY615: Psycholinguistics - Advanced Topics

PSY616: Psychometrics

PSY617: Modern Viewpoints in Psychology

PSY618: Cognition - Advanced Topics

PSY619: Psychology of Emotion

PSY620-622: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

PSY650: Management Information Systems

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

PSY691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

PSY692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

10. PUBLIC POLICY

MASTER’S DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

For an MA in Public Policy, students must complete a minimum of 54 credit hours which includes:

Alternatively, students may read at least four elective courses and do a final Comprehensive Exam, instead of doing the Research Proposal and Thesis.

Foundation Courses (3 credits each):

PUB501 (= FDN501): Research Methodology

PUB502 (= FDN502): Statistics for Research

PUB503 (= FDN503): Research Paper Writing

Core Courses (3 credits each; choose eleven)

DEV611: Global Environmental Governance

DEV612: International Development and Policy

HIS506: History and Social Theory

HIS508: The Contemporary World

HIS614: History of Modern Cambodia (or HIS618 History of Modern South East Asia)

INT605: International Institutions and World Order

INT626: International Organizations

POL605: Contemporary Political Thought

POL607: Politics in Developing Areas

POL609: Political Analysis and Theory Building

PST614: Peace and Justice

PUB629 (= SOC509): Sociology of Community Development

SOC507: Sociology of Poverty

Research Proposal and Thesis (12 credits minimum)

PUB691 (= RPT601): Proposal Writing (3 credits)

PUB692-4 (= RPT602-4): Thesis Research and Writing (3 credits each)

Major Elective Courses (3 credits each; students doing the Comprehensive Exam choose at least four)

DEV605: Development in the Third World

DEV606: Gender, Globalization, and Development

DEV607: Sustainable Development

DEV608: Managing Heritage and Cultural Treasures

DEV609 (= PAD683): Urban and Rural Development

DEV610: Environmental Policy and Resource Management

PAD682: Public Budgeting

POL613: Cambodian Elections, Political Parties and Civil Organizations

POL620: Politics and Culture in Southeast Asia

PUB605 (= PAD680): Politics and Public Policy

PUB606: Public Management

PUB607: Policy and Program Evaluation

PUB608: Special Topics in Politics and Management in Cambodia

PUB609: Special Topics in Cambodia’s Public Economic Institutions

PUB610: Current Issues in Cambodia’s Educational System

PUB611: Politics of Education in Cambodia

PUB612: Equity in Education Policy

PUB613: Social Issues in Cambodian Education

PUB614: Education in Community Development

PUB615: Leadership and Management in Higher Education

PUB616: Environmental and Resource Economics

PUB618: Cambodian Environmental Policy

PUB619: Coastal Resource Policy and Management

PUB620: Current Issues Concerning Cambodian Environment

PUB622: Health Issues in Cambodia

PUB623: Economics of Health

PUB624: Health Care Organizations and Administration

PUB625: Financial Management of Health Institutions

PUB626: Gender Issues in Health

PUB627: Poverty and Health

PUB629: Cambodian Public Administration

PUB630: Independent Study (up to 9 credits)

 

DISCLAIMER:

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBODIA RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES TO THESE CATALOGS AS IT SEES FIT, SO THAT WE HAVE THE NECESSARY FLEXIBILITY IN AN EVER-EVOLVING WORLD.

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Last modifiedMay 1, 2007 14:50

© University of Cambodia, 2007